keeb kwm
Ancient Greek iav unearthed
Nyob rau sab hnub poob, nyob rau hauv 300 BC, cov Greek philosopher Aristotle thaum ub tau piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xa cov lus sib hloov nrog tooj liab lossis cam khwb cia hlau iav hauv "Mechanical Problems". Cov kws tshawb fawb Greek nto moo Aristotle thiab Archimedes tau kawm ob qho tib si. Tus naas ej Greek inventor Gutisibios tusyees ntxig pins rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub voj voog workbench kom nws mesh nrog tus pin log, Nws siv lub tshuab no rau engraving. Qhov no yog hais txog 150 BC. Nyob rau hauv 100 BC, Alexandrian inventor Herron tau tsim lub odometer, uas siv cov iav. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1 AD, ib lub iav kis tau tus mob kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv lub waterwheel milling tshuab ua los ntawm Roman kws kes duab vajtse Pidobis. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, lub zog pib siv rau hauv moos.
Lub sijhawm Warring States lig lub sij hawm hlau bronze iav
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm Eastern Han Dynasty (1st caug xyoo AD), twb muaj herringbone gears. Lub tsheb compass thiab Jili nruas tsheb uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Peb Lub Nceeg Vaj lub sijhawm tau txais kev siv tshuab kis tau tus mob. Cov dej-rotating nruam sib tsoo tsim los ntawm Du Yu nyob rau hauv Jin Dynasty kis lub zog ntawm cov dej log mus rau lub zeb zeb los ntawm lub zog. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub iav kis tau tus mob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yog cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov dej-borne armillary sphere ua nyob rau hauv 725 los ntawm ib tog ntawm Tang Dynasty thiab Liang Lingzan. Cov cuab yeej thauj dej thiab Xiangtai (saib cov khoom siv hauv Suav thaum ub) ua nyob rau hauv Northern Song Dynasty tau siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm nyuaj. Hauv Ming Dynasty, Mao Yuanyi's "Wu Bei Zhi" (sau xyoo 1621) tau sau cov khib nyiab thiab pinion kis. Nyob rau hauv lub ruins ntawm Anwuji ancient nroog nyob rau hauv Hebei xeev excavated nyob rau hauv 1956, ib tug hlau ratchet iav tau pom. Lub cheeb ntawm lub log yog hais txog 80 mm. Txawm hais tias nws puas lawm, cov hlau zoo yog qhov zoo. Tom qab kev tshawb fawb, nws tau lees paub tias nws yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Warring States Lub Sijhawm (3rd xyoo pua BC) rau Cov Khoom Muag thaum lub sijhawm Western Han Dynasty (206 BC rau 24 AD). Nyob rau hauv 1954, lub bronze ratchet twb unearthed nyob rau hauv Tiejiaya, Yongji County, Shanxi xeev. Xa mus rau cov khoom pov thawj uas tau pom nyob rau hauv tib lub qhov, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lawv yog cov khoom qub ntawm Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) lossis thaum ntxov Western Han Dynasty. Lub log muaj 40 cov hniav thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm li 25 hli. Hais txog kev siv lub ratchet iav, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg txog tam sim no, thiab nws tau kwv yees tias nws yuav raug siv los txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub qag los ntawm kev thim rov qab. Nyob rau hauv 1953, ib khub ntawm bronze herringbone gears twb unearthed nyob rau hauv Hongqing Zos, Chang'an County, Shaanxi xeev. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub qhov ntxa qauv thiab cov khoom tom qab, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias ob lub zog tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Han Dynasty. Ob lub log yog 24 cov hniav thiab txog 15 hli inch. Hengyang thiab lwm qhov chaw kuj tau pom tib lub herringbone iav.
Daim duab duab ntawm iav kis tau tus mob hauv "Wu Bei Zhi"
Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1694, tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis txoj PHILIPPE DE LA HIRE thawj zaug tau hais tias cov involute tuaj yeem siv los ua tus hniav nkhaus. Xyoo 1733, Fab Kis Fab Kis M.CAMUS tau npaj siab tias qhov ib txwm muaj ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag ntawm cov hniav iav yuav tsum dhau los ntawm lub pob ntawm qhov chaw txuas. Thaum ib qho kev pabcuam instantaneous chaw nruab nrab yog dov raws txoj kab nruab nrab tam sim no (pitch lub voj voog) ntawm lub log loj thiab lub log me me, ob tus hniav profiles tsim los ntawm cov hniav sib txuas txuas nrog cov auxiliary instantaneous center kab ntawm lub log loj thiab lub log me me Curves yog conjugate rau ib leeg, qhov no yog CAMUS theorem. Nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub meshing xeev ntawm ob tug hniav nto; nws qhia meej meej tsim lub tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm kev sib cuag taw tes trajectories. Nyob rau xyoo 1765, Swiss L. EULER tau tshaj tawm cov lej hauv qab rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov hniav profile, thiab qhia meej txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub vojvoog ntawm curvature ntawm tus hniav profile nkhaus thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm qhov chaw curvature ntawm ib khub ntawm cov iav meshing. Tom qab ntawd, SAVARY txuas ntxiv ua tiav cov qauv no thiab dhau los ua EU-LET-SAVARY kab zauv. Kev koom tes rau daim ntawv thov ntawm cov hniav profile yog ROTEFT WULLS, uas tau npaj siab tias cov iav involute muaj qhov zoo ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm thaum qhov chaw nyob deb hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv 1873, German engineer HOPPE tau hais kom cov hniav profile ntawm lub zog nrog ntau tus lej ntawm cov hniav thaum lub kaum sab xis hloov, yog li tso lub hauv paus ideological ntawm niaj hnub sib txawv zog.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov iav txiav txoj kev thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab cov cuab yeej siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no los txiav cov hniav tshwm ib tom qab. Thaum txiav cov hniav, tsuav yog lub cuab yeej txiav me ntsis txav los ntawm qhov qub meshing txoj hauj lwm, cov khoom siv hloov pauv tau raug txiav tawm ntawm lub tshuab cuab yeej nrog cov cuab yeej txheem. Xyoo 1908, MAAG ntawm Switzerland tau kawm txog kev hloov pauv thiab tsim lub iav shaper rau iav shaping. Tom qab ntawd, British BSS, American AGMA, thiab German DIN ua tiav tau npaj ntau txoj kev suav rau kev hloov khoom siv.
Thaum ntxov Han bronze herringbone iav
Txhawm rau txhim kho kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm lub zog xa hluav taws xob lub zog thiab txo lawv qhov loj, ntxiv rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv, kev kho cua sov thiab cov qauv, lub zog nrog lub voj voog arc hniav tau tsim. Xyoo 1907, British FRANK HUMPHRIS thawj zaug luam tawm cov hniav ntawm cov hniav. Xyoo 1926, Swiss ERUEST WILDHABER tau txais txoj cai patent ntawm cov iav helical nrog lub voj voog arc hniav profile. Nyob rau hauv 1955, lub Soviet Union tus ML NOVIKOV ua tiav cov tswv yim kev tshawb fawb ntawm ncig arc toothed zog thiab tau txais lub Order ntawm Lenin. Xyoo 1970, British ROLH-ROYCE tuam txhab engineer RM STUDER tau txais US patent rau ob chav arc iav. Cov iav zoo li no tau them nyiaj ntau dua los ntawm tib neeg thiab tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom.
Gears yog toothed mechanical qhov chaw uas tuaj yeem sib txuas nrog ib leeg. Lawv tau dav siv nyob rau hauv mechanical kis tau tus mob thiab tag nrho cov neeg kho tshuab teb. Niaj hnub nimno iav tshuab tau mus txog: lub iav module yog 0.004 txog 100 hli; lub iav txoj kab uas hla yog los ntawm 1 hli mus rau 150 meters; lub hwj chim kis tau mus txog 100, 000 kilowatts; qhov ceev tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau pua txhiab tus kiv puag ncig ib feeb; thib ob.
Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov iav ua haujlwm tau raug them rau. Nyob rau hauv 1674, tus Danish astronomer Romer thawj zaug tau thov kom siv cov epicycloid raws li tus hniav profile nkhaus kom tau ib tug smooth khiav iav.
Thaum lub sij hawm muaj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, iav tshuab tau tsim sai heev, thiab ntau yam kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov iav tau ua tiav. Xyoo 1733, Fabkis tus lej lej Cammy tau luam tawm txoj cai yooj yim ntawm cov hniav profile meshing; Xyoo 1765, Swiss lej Euler tau qhia txog kev siv cov involutes li cov hniav nkhaus.
Lub hobbing thiab shaping machines uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 daws qhov teeb meem ntawm loj ntau lawm ntawm high-precision zog. Xyoo 1900, Profort tau teeb tsa ib qho khoom sib txawv rau lub tshuab hobbing, uas tuaj yeem ua cov iav helical ntawm lub tshuab hobbing. Txij thaum ntawd los, hobbing iav ntawm lub tshuab hobbing tau nrov. .
Hauv xyoo 1899, Lasher thawj zaug siv lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov lub zog. Cov iav hloov pauv tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog zam lub undercut ntawm cov hniav iav, tab sis kuj phim qhov chaw nyob deb thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm cov iav. Xyoo 1923, Wilder Haber ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thawj zaug tau thov cov iav nrog arc hniav profiles. Nyob rau hauv 1955, Sunovykov tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob ntawm lub zog arc, thiab lub zog arc tau siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom. Cov iav no muaj peev xwm nqa tau siab thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo, tab sis tsis yooj yim rau kev tsim khoom raws li cov iav tsis muaj zog thiab xav tau kev txhim kho ntxiv.
